BSNL broadband

By: Milind Deshmukh11
BSNL is on the way of commissioning of a multi-gigabit, multi-protocol, a world class, convergent IP infrastructure with the help of national internet backbone, which will offer convergent services through the broadband access network. This BSNL broadband service can be available on DSK technology.

BSNL broadband is one of the best broadband services of BSNL. This service is being offered on existing copper wire infrastructure. This service is known as the best technology, which provides you high speed internet service and in addition to it also provides you some other services like video conferencing, broadcast application, multicasting, VPN and video on demand, interactive gaming, audio conferencing, IP Telephony. The subscribe can access the services which are mentioned above through subscriber service selection system portal.

BSNL broadband is start up plan is available for home and business users. This plan include particulars and their price like download upload limit every month is 1.0n GB, additional usage charges are 0.90, free E-mail IDs limited to 1/5 MB.

VPNoBB is offered as a separate service in two versions like low cost basic version and high cost premium version. There are some key objectives of this BSNL broadband like it offers you fast speed internet connectivity, virtual private network service for broadband customers. Other key objectives include providing dial VPN service for MPLS VPN customers, providing multi-cast video services through broadband remote access server, providing both kinds of broadband services like pre-paid broadband service and post paid broadband service.

The layer one of this network contains a fast speed backbone having twenty-four powerful core routers connecting with fast speed 2.5 Gbps links. The routers are established on national DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical level for providing fast transmission speeds

MPLS VPN is an excellent technology which has advantage over some other technologie4s like it permits a service provides such as BSNL for having total control over parameters which are very critical to offer its customers service guarantees related to latencies and bandwidth throughputs. The BSNL broadband service includes fast speed internet along with phone service on the same telephone line.

The detailed description of the services of BSNL broadband is given below

1) Content based services: It provides you some content-based services, which include lice and time shifted TV and interactive gaming.
2) Dial VPN service: This kind of service permits users fir accessing their private network in safe way over the NIB-second infrastructure.
3) Multicasting: This offers video multicast services for application in distance telemedicine and distance education.

What kind of requirements is necessary for customers to use broadband?
1) BSNL’s basic phone connection
2) Your own computer with 100 Ethernet port
3) ADSL customer premise equipment
How can you apply for the connection of BSNL broadband?
If you want to apply for a broadband connection then first you have to download the form and then submit that form in the BSNL custom service center. There is facility of online applying also.
When the BSNL broadband service has launched?
The broadband service has launched in Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad from 14th January 2005.

New Generation Carrier Network

By: david chow
The fast growth of data traffic, especially the traffic from new network applications such as VoIP, P2P, IPTV, etc., makes people not doubt that the data traffic has become dominating in today’s network. Although traditional voice traffic is still one of major revenue sources for those incumbent network service carriers. They are seeking a way to convert those cheap IP traffic into a big amount cash flow by bringing in various types of service. Such a data traffic evolution also causes the evolution of the carrier networks from the past voice-oriented network architecture to today’s data-oriented network architecture. This evolution mainly manifests in following three aspects.

Huge amount of fibre capacity deployment
When talking about today’s telecommunication networks, nobody will forget to mention fibre communications. As a communication medium, fibre brings a revolution of human communications to carry a huge amount of capacity in a thumb-sized fibre cable. From the initial single wavelength per fibre to today’s multiple wavelengths per fibre WDM technique, optical communications is evolving towards being faster and cheaper. Presently, the most of advanced fibre communication technique based on wavelength division multiplexing has been able to carry more than 100 wavelengths per fibre and each wavelength carries up to 40 Gb/s capacity in a commercially-available system. With more hardware technical breakthrough, people are attempting to further increase the number of wavelength to up to 1000 and the capacity per wavelength up to 100 Gb/s. In the near future, it can be foreseen that each fibre will be more efficiently utilized.

Fibre communication techniques have been widely deployed today’s long-haul backbone transport networks and metro area networks. This technique is now penetrating the access networks based on so-called Fibre To The Home (FTTH) technology, hoping to allow each home to be cheaply connected by a fibre, so as to provide a huge amount capacity to support the future multimedia triple-play services such as IPTV, VoIP, Internet game, etc. It can be expected that in the future fibres will be ubiquitous ranging from a backbone network, a community network, to every home, and the bandwidth will not be a stressed constraint to continue annoying users any more.

Slimmer network layer architecture
Besides the huge increment of network capacity, we are also seeing that the network layer architecture of the today’s network becomes slimmer and slimmer. Such a change again can be attributed to the traffic change in the today’s network. Since the data traffic has dominated today’s communication networks, the traditional network layer architecture that was designed for the past voice-traffic can not efficiently fit today’s data traffic. A more effective layer architecture is necessary to efficiently carry today’s data traffic.

The most traditional network layer architecture contains at least four layers to include (1) optical WDM layer, (2) SDH/SONET layer, (3) ATM, and (4) IP/MPLS layer. Viewing the super-high control overhead of the ATM layer, i.e., each ATM cell has a 10% of control overhead, which wastes the network capacity greatly, it is attractive and reasonable to remove such a layer to directly transport IP traffic over SDH/SONET layer. This technique is called IP over SDH/SONET. Nonetheless, the removal of the ATM layer can lose some functionalities as well, which for example include the support of quality of service, the function of establishing virtual paths or virtual circuits in the network. These lost functions need to be filled by some layer(s) either IP or MPLS layer. According to today’s network technique, it seems that MPLS layer has taken over all the functionalities that were supported by the ATM layer.

Also, current dominating network traffic is IP data traffic, while the SDH/SONET is a network layer that was designed to specifically support the past voice traffic, which has a strict constraint on time delay, so it seems also not necessary for such a network layer to exist in the modern carrier network for efficiency. Thus, to further eliminate the SDH/SONET layer, another slimmer network layer architecture IP over WDM was introduced recently. In this layer architecture, the functionalities supported by the old SDH/SONET layer have to be shifted to other layers, either up to the MPLS layer or down to the optical layer. These functionalities mainly involve the network protection and restoration capability. Now this capability has been proposed to be realized by either the MPLS layer or the optical layer.

Adding intelligence to carrier networks
With the introduction of the concept of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Wwitching (GMPLS), today’s network control system has also incurred a huge evolution, changing from the traditional centralized TMN or SNMP system to a more general distributed control system. GMPLS technique is versatile enough to support almost all the network layers using a common set of network control protocols. The techniques are mainly realized based on a generalized concept called generalized label, which is modelled to cover various types of capacity unit ranging from a single MPLS label, to a SDH/SONET time, to a wavelength, to a wavelength band, or even to an entire fibre. Such a generalized technique also makes the network control so easy to allow different network layers to communicate with each other so as to achieve better network capacity utilization and serve some traffic engineering purpose. Moreover, the GMPLS control technique brings much intelligence to today’s networks, which are mainly reflected in the aspects such as crossing-layer traffic engineering, crossing-layer network recovery, etc. In addition, the distribution of the network control system also enables the control system more robust to survive the failure of a bottleneck central controller in the old day's control system.

Summary
In contrast to the past voice-oriented network implementation, today’s networks can efficiently support IP services while providing a huge amount of capacity in the most scalable and flexible way. They are also much intelligent to handle end-to-end service provisioning, quality of service, and network failure recovery. Meanwhile, the slimmer network layer architecture also helps the today’s networks grow faster but cheaper.

This article was contributed by http://www.optical-network.com

Article Directory: http://www.articlecube.com

David Chow has more than 10 year experience in telecommunications and IT. optical-network.com

WIMAX and HSPA Battle It Out To Usher In Next Wave of E-Commerce by Salil Pillai

Internet has permeated through all walks of lives, and this has tremendously increased the need for better connectivity. Lately, businesses regardless of being offline or online, view internet and its connectivity as an indispensable part of their business process. However, remote areas and their businesses had to be satisfied with the available connectivity, owing to chiefly, higher cost of laying cables where returns would be minimal for the service providers. Growing hunger for internet usage has spurred technology providers into action to produce a slew of connectivity tools. Among them, two distinct technologies called WiMAX and HSPA have emerged to fight it to the hilt for the larger share of connectivity pie.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the technology that allows user to navigate the internet wireless. It is a telecommunication technology that can carry data to long distances either by point to point links or full mobile access. The key feature of this technology is that it operates on the same Broadband Wireless Access Standard of IEEE 802.16, which was set up in 1999. WiMAX also has the ability to extend local Wi-Fi networks over larger expanse of coverage area by up to 50 kilometers and its backed by Intel, world's largest semiconductor company.

Similarly, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) too boasts of superior technology akin to that of WiMAX. In a nutshell, it is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that provide better performance over existing radio bandwidth. Equipped with state of the art 3.5G technology, it can touch amazing download speeds of up to 7.2 Mbps. HSPA should be proud to get the support from leading equipment vendors including Ericsson, Nokia Siemens Networks, Nortel, Alcatel and Lucent. Its proven ability to perform extremely well in any condition and download speeds has helped the technology to be absorbed across several countries in a short span of time.

Unfortunately, WiMAX was not without its own problems, in Australia, first WiMAX operator had to shut down its operation due to poor reach to long distances, contrary to its claim. On the other hand, HSPA service was able to produce the desire result in over 50 countries and 150 networks. For example, in some places subscribers could already watch streaming High Definition movies at 1Mbps. HSPA has also got a cost advantage over the other, per month charges as of now is in the realm of $30, whereas one has to shell out $10 more to get the same service from WiMAX.

Since majority of the people spend time outside their workplaces, e-mobility has become an inevitable tool in communication and business. Whether the winner is WiMAX or HSPA, wider expanse of area under internet connectivity through wireless services will enhance people to do day to day business, being anywhere in the world. High speed internet access through wireless technology will propel growth in all areas including business, education and healthcare.

Global internet wireless connectivity will also give an advantage for an entrepreneur who is away from the main markets to get reasonable remuneration for one's products or services. Real time e-mobility effects coupled with long distance internet coverage for one's communication suggests, E-Commerce will be the biggest gainer and is likely to increase its share in the world of business.

About the Author
Toboc, a b2b portal, provides global trade platform for Importers and Exporters from the different regions of the world.

Bluetooth Glossary by Chazz Bazz

Below, you'll find a list of the most used terms in Bluetooth technology. They can serve as a look up, or to help you learn more about Bluetooth terms in general.

2 in 1 handset The situation where a subscriber's handset is acting as a remote handset to a base unit that provides a network connection.

3G Third generation, referring to the next generation of digital phone technology.

802.11 WLAN A wireless LAN specification defined by the IEEE.

Access code Each base band packet will start with an access code, which can be one of 3 types - CAC, DAC, and IAC.

ACK Acknowledge.

ACL Asynchronous Connectionless Link. This is one of the two types of data links that are defined for Bluetooth.

ACO Authenticated Ciphering Offset.

Active mode During the active mode, the unit will actively participate on the channel. The master will schedule the transmission based on traffic demands from the different slaves.

AP Access point.

Authentification The process of verifying who is at the opposite end of the link.

Authentification device A device whose identity has been verified during the lifetime of the current link based on the authentification procedure.

Baseband This describes the specification of the digital signal processing aspect of the hardware - the controller - which carries out the baseband protocols.

BB Abreviation of baseband.

BD Bluetooth device.

BER Bit Error Rate.

The above is more of an intro to the terms that are used with Bluetooth. Bluetooth currently has hundreds of devices, making it the best wireless solution in the world. With more coming out every day, you can bet that Bluetooth will be around for many years to come.

If you are new to Bluetooth, the terms used can be very helpful. There are hundreds of glossary terms that apply to Bluetooth, many of which describe shortcuts to common terms. You can learn a lot by reading over the meanings, especially if you have never used Bluetooth technology before.

Those of you who have experience with Bluetooth, can look over the glossary of terms to brush up on your knowledge or just check out what an unfamiliar term actually means. Nothing is complicated with the meanings, although they make take some getting used to.

Once you have been around Bluetooth for a while, you'll find yourself right at home with the terms and meanings to the technology. All you need to do is play around with it, and read books or manuals whenever you get the chance. Before you know it, you'll be a professional in the vast world of Bluetooth wireless.

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Bluetooth Wireless Networking by Chazz Bazz

Bluetooth technology offers three different types of defined ranges, based on output ranges. Class 1 devices are the most powerful, as they can have up to 100 mW of power, with a regular antenna giving them a range of around 130 - 330 feet.

The class 2 devices are lower power, offering up to 2.5 mW of power. A regular antenna will give them a range of around 50 - 100 feet. Class 3 devices use even less power, up to 1 mW of power to be exact. With a regular antenna, they will have a range of around 16 - 33 feet.

Even though you may not realize it, Bluetooth wireless technology has never been intended for anything other than short distance types of communication. With Bluetooth wireless, the short range is actually a benefit.

For one, the short range will reduce the change of interference between your devices and those that belong to others who are nearby. Overall, this is a basic type of security, designed to protect you and your devices.

Secondly, the lower power used for short range means a longer battery life. Most Bluetooth devices will get their power from a battery, meaning that anything you can do to lengthen the battery life is very important.

The wireless networking offered by Bluetooth is actually among the best, even though it uses short range communication. Bluetooth is used with wireless controllers, the internet, and even wireless headsets.

For the best in short range technology, Bluetooth is extremely hard to beat. If you've never tried Bluetooth before, now is the time. It's the best with wireless networking, especially for those who enjoy hands free talking on their cell phone.

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HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS

From the editors of the highly successful WCDMA for UMTS, this new book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date reference to High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technologies for WCDMA. The editors cover both HSDPA and HSUPA, including an in-depth description and explanation of 3GPP standards, and expected performance based on simulations and first measurements. The text also discusses the impact of HSDPA and HSUPA on network dimensioning, covers applications and end-to-end performance in detail, and includes a section on radio frequency requirements and terminal design considerations.

The most comprehensive and advanced guide to the HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) technologies and standardisation, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS:

• Analyses the impact of HSDPA/HSUPA on network dimensioning, discussing co-existence with R99 (Release 99) and GPRS/EDGE (General Packet Radio Services/ Enhanced Data GSM Environment)
• Contains a section on applications and end-to-end (e2e) performance
• Includes a chapter on radio frequency (RF) requirements and terminal design considerations, covering different RF bands, multi-band HSDPA and multi-mode HSDPA+EDGE challenges, power consumption
• Provides numerous illustrations of 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) standards and performance

This title provides excellent coverage of the area for system, element and chip designers, network planners, technical mangers with vendors, operators and application developers. It is also ideal for postgraduates and researchers in related areas.

From the Back Cover
By the Editors of the highly successful WCDMA for UMTS, this new book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date reference to High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technologies for WCDMA. High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) are standardized as part of 3GPP Releases 5 and 6. HSPA, the term for both HSDPA and HSUPA, is designed on top of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), the main air interface used for third generation mobile communication systems globally.

This new volume offers in-depth descriptions and explanations of 3GPP standards, and expected performance based on simulations and measurements. The text also discusses the impact of HSDPA and HSUPA on network dimensioning and network algorithms, covers end-to-end performance, and includes descriptions on HSPA terminal radio frequency requirements.

• Explains 3GPP HSDPA and HSUPA standard with illustrations
• Describes the co-existence of WCDMA and HSPA
• Presents HSPA network algorithms
• Analyses HSPA data rates, coverage and capacity with simulations and network measurements
• Illustrates end-to-end application performance with HSPA radio networks
• Introduces HSPA terminal radio frequency (RF) requirements

Written by leading experts in the field, this advanced guide will appeal to system designers, network R&D experts, mobile chip designers, network planners, application developers and technical managers with operators and vendors. It will also be a useful resource for postgraduate students and researchers in related areas.

TCP Performance over UMTS-HSDPA Systems

The evolution of the mobile communication market is causing a major increase in data traffic demands. This could lead to disrupted mobility and intermittent degraded channel conditions that contribute to poor transmission control protocol (TCP) performance. TCP Performance over UMTS-HSDPA Systems presents a comprehensive study of the effect of TCP on achieved application bit rate performance and system capacity, and shows how to reduce the interaction of wireless networks on TCP with minimal cost. With self-contained chapters, the book consists of two main sections. The first several chapters provide background and describe the state of the art for wireless networks, emphasizing one of the third-generation (3G) wireless technologies: the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). These chapters also include an analysis of the overall cell capacity for UMTS Release 99 and high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) systems. The second section focuses on the interaction of TCP with wireless systems, presenting an exhaustive list of TCP versions and link layer solutions that adapt TCP (often modifying the original TCP) to a wireless network. This section also displays mathematical modeling of the interaction of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) and TCP in UMTS networks. While offering information for advanced undergraduate students who are unfamiliar with code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless systems as well as UMTS and HSDPA cellular systems, the book also provides extensive coverage of "TCP over wireless systems" problems and solutions for researchers, developers, and graduate students.